Solar Energy

Team: 41

School: Espanola Valley High

Area of Science: engineering

Interim: Problem Definition
Limited resources and high prices of fossil-based fuels have encouraged people to use solar energy as a heat source for homes. In order to use solar energy for heating homes we need to have methods to collect the heat in sunny hours, store the heat in some form, transfer the heat to the home at night or during cloudy hours.
Solar heated homes also need to be energy efficient, so they can maintain heat for as many hours as possible

Progress to Date:
In this project we are focusing on the basics of solar heated homes on storing the energy and find methods or material that can store large amounts of heat and hold it for a long time.

Solar water heaters and solar space heaters are constructed of solar collectors, and all systems have some kind of storage, except solar pool heaters and some industrial systems that use energy quickly. The systems collect the sun's energy to heat air or a fluid. The air or fluid then transfers solar heat directly to a building, water, or pool.

Solar collectors are the key component of active solar-heating systems. Solar collectors gather the sun's energy, transform its radiation into heat, then transfer that heat to water, solar fluid, or air. The solar thermal energy can be used in solar water-heating systems, solar pool heaters, and solar space-heating systems. There are several types of solar collectors:

•Flat-plate collectors
•Evacuated-tube collectors
•Integral collector-storage systems

Residential and commercial building applications that require temperatures below 200°F typically use flat-plate collectors, whereas those requiring temperatures higher than 200°F use evacuated-tube collectors.

Flat-plate collectors are the most common solar collector for solar water-heating systems in homes and solar space heating. A typical flat-plate collector is an insulated metal box with a glass or plastic cover which is called the glazing, and a dark-colored absorber plate. These collectors heat liquid or air at temperatures less than 180°F.Flat-plate collectors are used for residential water heating and hydronic space-heating installations.

Liquid flat-plate collectors heat liquid as it flows through tubes in or adjacent to the absorber plate. The simplest liquid systems use potable household water, which is heated as it passes directly through the collector and then flows to the house. Solar pool heating also uses liquid flat-plate collector technology, but the collectors are typically unglazed

Air flat-plate collectors are used primarily for solar space heating. The absorber plates in air collectors can be metal sheets, layers of screen, or non-metallic materials. The air flows past the absorber by using natural convection or a fan. Because air conducts heat much less readily than liquid does, less heat is transferred from an air collector's absorber than from a liquid collector's absorber, and air collectors are typically less efficient than liquid collectors.


Evacuated-tube collectors can achieve extremely high temperatures (170°F to 350°F), making them more appropriate for cooling applications and commercial and industrial application. However, evacuated-tube collectors are more expensive than flat-plate collectors, with unit area costs about twice that of flat-plate collectors


The collectors are usually made of parallel rows of transparent glass tubes. Each tube contains a glass outer tube and metal absorber tube attached to a fin. The fin is covered with a coating that absorbs solar energy well, but which inhibits radiative heat loss. Air is removed, or evacuated, from the space between the two glass tubes to form a vacuum, which eliminates conductive and convective heat loss.

A new evacuated-tube design is available from the Chinese manufacturers, such as: Beijing Sunda Solar Energy Technology Co. Ltd. The "dewar" design features a vacuum contained between two concentric glass tubes, with the absorber selective coating on the inside tube. Water is typically allowed to thermosyphon down and back out the inner cavity to transfer the heat to the storage tank. There are no glass-to-metal seals. This type of evacuated tube has the potential to become cost-competitive with flat plates.


Integral collector-storage systems, also known as ICS or "batch" systems, are made of one or more black tanks or tubes in an insulated glazed box. Cold water first passes through the solar collector, which preheats the water, and then continues to the conventional backup water heater.

ICS systems are simple, reliable solar water heaters. However, they should be installed only in climates with mild freezing because the collector itself or the outdoor pipes could freeze in severely cold weather. Some recent work indicates that the problem with freezing pipes can be overcome in some cases by using freeze-tolerant piping in conjunction with a freeze-protection method.

Expected Results:
To demonstrate an easier way to use solar energy,
without wasting excess power.
And being able to demonstrate Solar thermal technologies can be used for water heating, space heating, space cooling and process heat generation.

Team Members:

  Lynnda Romero

Sponsoring Teacher: John Reese

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